Violence Against Women

The country of India is up in arms over the recent gang rape of a young woman on a public bus.  She was assaulted with a metal rod and beaten, left for dead on the side of the road.  She did, in fact, die 2 weeks later of injuries sustained during the attack.  She has brought renewed vigor to a national conversation about the violence against women that is prevalent in Indian society.  Women- and men- across the globe mourn the loss of a promising young life and the violent way in which it was taken.

We in the United States do not have to look so far from home to see that similar violence toward women is present in our own society.  It is, in fact, present in every human society on this planet.  It is unique in that it crosses all age groups, socioeconomic classes and geographies across the globe.  

The statistics, when you examine them, are alarming.[1,2]
- Every 9 seconds in the US a woman is assaulted or beaten.
- Around the world, at least one in every three women has been beaten, coerced into sex or otherwise abused during her lifetime. Most often, the abuser is a member of her own family.
- The costs of intimate partner violence in the US alone exceed $5.8 billion per year: $4.1 billion are for direct medical and health care services, while productivity losses account for nearly $1.8 billion.
- 1 in 5 women will be the victim of a sexual assault while in college
- 1 in 10 teens will be hurt on purpose by someone who they are dating
- Studies suggest that up to 10 million children witness some form of domestic violence annually.
- Men who as children witnessed their parents’ domestic violence were twice as likely to abuse their own wives than sons of nonviolent parents.

What can we do about this? 
1.  As parents, talk to your adolescent and teen children.  Discuss the prevalence of this issue and the fact that abuse in any relationship is not okay.
2.  Know the warning signs.  There is a great website: www.loveisnotabuse.com that reviews common signs.
3.  Talk to your health care provider.  Often times a health care provider’s office is the safest place to discuss concerns.  We will not judge you and will maintain absolute confidentiality.

Violence against women, domestic violence included, is a problem that is multifaceted in its reasons for occurrence, and thus one that is not easily solved.  Non tolerance of violence against women should be the standard of every citizen of our country- and indeed our world. 

-Dr. Jahedi

1. http://www.whitehouse.gov/1is2many
2. http://domesticviolencestatistics.org/domestic-violence-statistics/

My Lessons of the Year

I started my small gynecology practice in January 2012- almost one year ago.  With the holidays and new year approaching, I cannot help but reflect on the lessons that the year has brought me- both personally and professionally.  Opportunity and challenge seem to come knocking together most days, but the risks- and rewards- have been worthwhile.  I hope that these top 5 lessons of my year can be applied to your lives as well.

1.  Take big projects and break them down- then tackle each one day at a time.
My business made it through its first year...successfully!  For me, this is a tremendous accomplishment.  Last year at this time, I was trying to sort through the thousand details that opening up a medical practice requires.  It was overwhelming, it was expensive and it was scary.  It is easier to take a big task and break it down into smaller tasks.  It is also important to stay organized!  Done in small increments, the big task can be accomplished well.

2.  When you don’t know how to do something, find someone who can.
I don’t know much about accounting, or calculating payroll, or building a website, or the fine details of medical billing.  So I found people that I liked and trusted, and relied on their expertise to guide me.  I read a lot- and continue to read a lot- about these topics, so that I can stay on top of my game.  You are not going to know everything about everything- so trust others to help you.

3.  Running my practice is easier than running after my one year old.  
This one really caught me off guard!  People did tell me that being at work is easier than being at home, but it took this year for me to believe them.  There is an ever elusive work-life balance that we are all searching for, and then there is my rambunctious daughter.  Let me just say that I have a tremendous respect for women who are stay at home moms- there is nothing easy about it!  Let us stop the mommy wars and respect women on both sides of the front.

4.  Use your time creatively.  
I joke around that I put the practice together while my daughter was taking her naps.  (Seriously though, I did.)  As it stands now, I still do all of my administrative work from home when she is napping.  I return phone calls with lab test results, pay bills, work on charting.  This is not how most doctors do it, but this is what works for me.  It allows me to spend time with her and still do what I need to do for the practice.  As long as the work gets done well, the methodology behind it can be creative.

5.  Women are amazing- we should learn from each other.
I exclusively take care of women given my medical specialty, and they never fail to amaze me.  I have learned so much from my patients this year.  I am invariably drawn in to their life stories and the overcoming of obstacles that each woman does in her own right.  Women are incredibly strong and resilient people, and have so much to learn from each other.  Our diversity is our strength.

May your holidays be happy and the new year ahead bring us all joy, scholarship, success and most importantly, good health!  

-Dr. Jahedi

The Rejuvenated Vagina

I was talking to one of my young patients the other day during an annual exam, and she asked me what she could do to strengthen her vagina.  I reviewed Kegel exercises and she said that she had already done those and that her vagina still didn’t feel “as tight as it used to be before I had my daughter”.  So we had the conversation about how childbirth can cause permanent changes to the pelvic floor and how her exam was actually completely normal.  She did not seem too pleased with this information, and said “Well, I can always get one of those vaginal rejuvenation surgeries done, right?”

So arises the topic of vaginal rejuvenation, which is something that patients are asking me more and more about these days.  What exactly is this?  You know it is a hot topic when there is a Wikipedia entry about it.  According to Wikipedia: “Sometimes referred to as "vaginal rejuvenation”, “aesthetic vaginal surgery” or “cosmetic vaginal surgery”, various results aim to strengthen the function of the vulvo-vaginal area, firm up and reshape tissue for youthful appearances. In regular terms, the procedure is essentially a “face lift” for the vulva and vagina.”1

A face lift for the vagina?!  Really???

It’s true- sort of.  Its basis is a surgical procedure most commonly used for patients who have some degree of pelvic organ prolapse (ie, the uterus has descended to the lower levels of the vagina or is “falling out”) or other genital malformations (cancer, reversal of female circumcision, etc.).  For these patients, vaginal reconstruction is a medical necessity.

In our day and age, however, a variety of vaginal reconstructive surgeries have become popular cosmetic procedures.  These range from labiaplasty (which is alteration of the “lips” of the vulva) to “G-spot” amplification to “revirgination”.  These surgeries are marketed to women with promises to enhance sexual pleasure or improve appearance.  What most women do not realize are that these procedures come with significant risks, including loss of sensation, scarring, bleeding, infection and future painful intercourse.

According to the American College of Ob/Gyn:  “It is deceptive to give the impression that vaginal rejuvenation, designer vaginoplasty, revirgination, G-spot amplification, or any such procedures are accepted and routine surgical practices. Absence of data supporting the safety and efficacy of these procedures makes their recommendation untenable.”2

I had a young patient tell me recently that she is unhappy with her vulva.  Apparently, she thinks that the “lips are too long” and that they are ugly.  I reassured her that they are not too long and definitely not ugly.  “Trust me”, I said.  “I see a lot more vulva that you do.  Your anatomy is totally normal”.  She was unconvinced and went on to see a plastic surgeon about the problem.  I was baffled.  How could this young girl be so convinced that her anatomy was abnormal?

I am not sure what to make of this increased obsession with the appearance of the female genitalia.  Most of my patients who are concerned about this are in their 20’s.  Young women today face tremendous societal pressures regarding their body image, with the concept of “perfect beauty” (whatever that means) being blasted at them from every angle.  It saddens me that this image now includes such focus on the vulva and vagina.  It may be time that we as women realize that this is a growing problem in our ranks and begin to address this assault into our most private lives.

-Dr. Jahedi

Sources:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginoplasty
2. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 378, September 2007.  Vaginal "Rejuvenation" and Cosmetic Vaginal Procedures
 

Abnormal Bleeding and What It Means

Periods can be weird.

Some women are regular as clockwork and can tell me the exact date and time of day that their periods will arrive.  Others have a range of normal, somewhere between 28 and 30 days, for example, that they mark the calendar by.  Then there are periods that don't follow the rules.  These are periods that set in with a vengeance, causing heavy bleeding never experienced before, or an "extra" period in the month, or bleeding after intercourse, or spotting with wiping.  Women end up in my office for all kinds of unusual bleeding patterns.  For women who are regular- and even those who aren't- a bout of unexpected bleeding usually causes great concern.

The reasons behind what we in gynecology call "Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" are diverse.  Whole chapters are written on how to address these issues and come to a diagnosis.  For all intents and purposes, abnormal bleeding can be broken down into three main categories:
1.  Hormonal:  The first thing we check in abnormal vaginal bleeders is a pregnancy test!  Assuming that that is negative, there can be a myriad of other hormonal causes.  Thyroid disorders cause irregular bleeding.  Hormonal imbalances such as those seen in polycystic ovarian syndrome can lead to irregular bleeding.
2.  Anatomic:  These are actual structural problems found in the pelvis.  Fibroids or polyps of the uterus and/or cervix can contribute to abnormal bleeding.  Ovarian cysts also can be a cause of abnormal bleeding.  The best way of diagnosing structural problems is with a physical exam as well as imaging via ultrasound.  To better visualize the lining of the uterus, a procedure called an SIS (saline infused sonohystogram) may be done in the office setting.  The results from ultrasound generally aid significantly in making the diagnosis.
3.  Cancer: This is the least likely category, but is a consideration based on age and risk factors.  Cervical cancer and uterine cancer can both present with abnormal bleeding.  The diagnosis is made here with a tissue biopsy, where tissue is removed from the uterus (endometrial biopsy) or cervix and sent to be examined under the microscope.  Any kind of vaginal bleeding in a postmenopausal woman warrants immediate evaluation.

There are other reasons that don't fit neatly into the categories mentioned above: sexually transmitted infections (especially Chlamydia!) or genetic bleeding disorders can lead to prolonged or unexplained bleeding.  Then there is the "we don't really know why" category.  Really- it is its own category in the medical literature!  This diagnosis should only be used when everything else has been thoroughly evaluated and come up negative.

The causes of abnormal bleeding can usually be determined with a good history and physical exam, as well as with the aid of laboratory testing and the occasional pelvic ultrasound.  So if your period goes wacky on you- get it checked out.  Actually, first take a pregnancy test and then get it checked out.  It is always good to know if there is something more going on that you should be aware of.

-Dr. Jahedi

The Affordable Care Act: What it Means for Us

For the past month, there has been a tremendous interest in the Supreme Court’s decision regarding the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).  As it turned out, the Supreme court upheld the law as constitutional, and we are now moving forward in shaping healthcare to uphold the law and its mandates.

To be perfectly honest, I am not sure how the ACA will affect the everyday practice of medicine- I do not think anyone can say exactly how this is going to play out.  I am hardly a legal professional, but what I can do is offer my perspective as a physician in solo private practice in trying to understand what the ACA is going to do for my practice and for my patients.  

The Good:  The ACA gets rid of health insurer’s practices of denying patients coverage based on pre-existing conditions.  Thank goodness for that!  It never made sense to me that the people who needed healthcare the most were denied coverage because they were sick.  The law also brings forward provisions that will allow most people to obtain health insurance coverage at (what we hope) will be reasonable rates.  As we are all too aware of in medicine, disaster can strike anyone at any time- indiscriminately.  For all of the griping that everyone is doing about the mandate to purchase insurance, having everyone have access to healthcare is not a bad thing.   

The ACA will increase the number of insured patients in our population, which in turn will necessitate that we have physicians that can take care of these patients.  My concerns about the ACA are almost entirely centered on the lack of medical liability reform built into the law.  Without serious attention paid to federal liability reform laws, we in Illinois will never be able to hang on to the physicians we train here, and will lose them to other states where the cost of practicing medicine is cheaper.  According to ISMIE, half of physicians who train here leave after residency; of those, two-thirds cite Illinois' liability climate as a chief reason for leaving. National projections suggest we will soon have an inadequate number of doctors to meet patient needs.  Those of us who choose to stay (because this is home, for goodness’ sake!) are left paying huge sums of cash to obtain medical liability insurance.  

Take my little practice, for example.  My biggest monthly expense is my liability insurance- more than rent, more than payroll.  And because practicing obstetrics is so expensive (to the tune of over $100,000/year just in malpractice insurance costs!), I have limited my practice to gynecology only in an effort to keep afloat.  So here you have a physician who has trained for years to practice the art and science of delivering babies and who loves doing it.  To make her small business run, she cannot continue in this practice- not because she is incapable or unwilling- but because she cannot come up with the thousands required to purchase the insurance necessary to protect herself from a legal environment that is hostile to physicians.  It is a sad commentary on healthcare in America, and why I often wish that doctors instead of lawyers were the leaders of healthcare law. 

The ACA will undoubtedly bring about some good, but I think that we physicians are watching fearfully to see where it will land us in terms of our ability to practice medicine.  That is the reality of our situation, and that is where we have some real work ahead of us.  

Optimizing Your Chances of Pregnancy

Imagine a typical scenario- a young woman who is sexually active but needs to finish school.  And then has to get a job.  And then has to find Mr. Right.  She has spent years of her life carefully taking contraception to make sure that a pregnancy doesn't happen.  Every month brings a period and a huge sigh of relief.

Then the time comes where work is good and she is settled and ready to start a family.  She stops all contraceptives and awaits what she is certain will be an immediate pregnancy.  But the months come and go and she battles disappointment with every period that arrives.  Inevitably, she ends up in my office, asking  “why am I not getting pregnant?”

While achieving pregnancy seems like a pretty basic concept,  it is easy to become frustrated by the process.  (Alternately, there are a lot of people who get pregnant easily and unexpectedly- this article is not for you!).  There are books written on this topic, and an entire medical subspecialty devoted to the art and science of helping couples get pregnant.  Every woman’s circumstance is different, and I cannot cover the hundreds of different scenarios that exist out there.  So I will review the very basics, including what I counsel my own patients about.

First and foremost, the chances of a pregnancy occurring in a given month is about 20%.  And that is assuming that the couple is young and healthy, the timing is perfect, the woman’s cycles are regular, and the man’s sperm count is normal.  Even if all of those stars are aligned, a pregnancy will occur only 20% of the time.  It is amazing that there are any babies born at all!

Patients ask me what they can do to optimize the process, and here are a few basics:
1.  Time intercourse to the time of month that you are ovulating.  If you don’t know when you are ovulating,  you can try...

2.   ...an ovulation predictor kit.  They sell these at drugstores next to the pregnancy tests.  The kit will involve you peeing on a stick, which will show lines that become progressively darker to indicate ovulation.  For what it is worth, ovulation occurs 2 weeks before menses begins.  Do a retroactive calculation for a few months.  If your cycles are regular, chances are you will ovulate on day 14 of a 28 day cycle, or day 16 of a 30 day cycle, etc.  (Day 1 is the first day of menstrual bleeding).

3.  Have a lot of sex.  This seems basic, but we all lead busy lives and sometime couples miss each other during that fertile time of month.  Aim to have sex every other day starting at day 10 until the day after ovulation occurs.  Every other day (instead of every day) will give his sperm a chance to recoup to optimal capacity, and beginning at day 10 will ensure that sperm are around the egg when it is released.  Better yet, have sex a few times a week all month long and you’ll never miss that window of opportunity!

4.  Don’t forget your prenatal vitamin.  Taking a vitamin with folic acid can help prevent neural tube defects, and starting this pre conception is ideal.

Most couples conceive within 3 months of trying, and 70% will conceive within 6 months.  As ob/gyn’s, we don’t worry about infertility until 1 year has passed (6 months if you’re older than age 35).  Why?  Because approximately 90% of couples will conceive within the first year.  So the odds are in your favor, even if it seems things are taking a while.  It is really easy to become stressed when awaiting a pregnancy, especially when it seems that everyone around you is getting pregnant easily.  Do your best to relax and have fun with the process- chances are excellent that you will end up pregnant!

-Dr. Jahedi

Birth Control that is not The Pill

As a gynecologist, I discuss birth control options with women a dozen times a day.  And I start someone on the pill at least once a week.  As a matter of fact, most patients who come to me are interested in oral contraceptives pills.  This past month, however, brought several women who specifically were looking for non-pill options.  It was in counseling these patients that I realized that a lot of women have only a vague idea of what non-pill options exist out there.  So here is the skinny on birth control that is not The Pill:

NuvaRing:  NuvaRing is a small plastic ring that is placed inside of the vagina monthly.  It works the same way as the pill, but the hormones are released from the ring slowly over the course of the month.  It stays in place for 3 weeks and is removed for the last week, which is when a period occurs.  
When I first describe NuvaRing to patients, they almost always make a face.  For some women there is an "ick" factor involved with putting the ring into their vagina.  But as I remind folks, tampons are inserted into the vagina too, and no one thinks twice about that!  
NuvaRing is great for people who can't remember to take a pill daily.  It stays in place during intercourse and isn't felt by either partner.  Most women who try NuvaRing are pleasantly surprised by how simple and easy it is to use.  Like the pill, it can be manipulated to skip cycles (just bypass the ring free week and go straight to another ring).

Intrauterine device (IUD):  IUDs are my favorite.  Why?  They are essentially foolproof.  Almost all forms of birth control work really well...if used properly.  Condoms, as a matter of fact, are 98% effective at preventing pregnancy if used consistently and correctly.  The average person, however, does not use birth control consistently and correctly.  People forget to take pills, put in rings, show up for injections or use condoms.  They just don't.
That is the beauty of the IUD.  It is a small device that is placed inside of the uterus by a physician in what amounts to a 5 minute office procedure.  One type of IUD is hormonal and lasts for 5 years.  The other is completely non-hormonal (made of copper) and is good for 10 years.  Viola!  You're covered.  No trips to the pharmacy, no refills on the pill pack, no hassle.  And should you decide to get pregnant, the IUD can be pulled out at any time and fertility returns.
IUDs are safe to use in any woman, and are seeing a renewed popularity these days.  They are long lasting reversible forms of contraception, which is what most people are looking for.  Among my ob/gyn colleagues, IUDs rank highest in personal use!

Implanon:  Implanon is the new contraceptive implant that is placed just under the skin of a woman's upper arm.  It is reversible and lasts for up to three years. The procedure to insert it is quick, and a local anesthetic is given to the skin of the arm to minimize discomfort with the insertion.  I don't use Implanon as much as IUDs, because it tends to cause irregular and unpredictable bleeding.

DepoProvera:  aka "the shot".  This injection is given every 3 months.  It works well, but has the hassle factor of having to come in to the clinic every 3 months, as well as a prolonged return to fertility once the injections are stopped.  A few years ago, there was concern raised that it causes bone loss which may or may not be reversible.  And it causes weight gain in a majority of patients.  Enough said.

Condoms:  The good old condom may be the easiest form of non hormonal contraception out there.  It is relatively inexpensive, does not require a doctor's visit or a prescription, and has a high efficacy rate when used correctly.  It also offers what no other method can: protection against sexually transmitted infections!  Alas, the condom is often misused (or not used), which leads into a common joke among doctors.
Q: What do you call people who use condoms?
A: Parents.

There are a handful of other options that I have not reviewed: patches, diaphragms, cervical caps, sponges, spermicides and the rhythm method (to name a few).  And then there are the surgical options: tubal ligations and vasectomy.  The bottom line is that birth control has to be matched to the individual and the lifestyle, and each person's situation and needs are different.  Talk to your doctor about what will work best for you.  And know that there are lots of great options out there that are not The Pill.

-Dr. Jahedi